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Online Shopping Essay Example

Internet Shopping Essay Example Internet Shopping Essay Internet Shopping Essay Web has created in new conveyance channels electronic exchanges are expanding step by step. This need has emerged to see how web received by customers enemy internet Shopping. The greater part of the individuals who utilize the web may buy merchandise on the web, yet that there are still a few purposes behind which buyers are hesitant to purchase on the web. The perspectives of individuals toward he buy online are distinctive in Pakistan as contrast with different Countries. The motivation behind this investigation is to audit the variables felt reservation of customers in internet shopping. The fundamental target fifths explore is to consider, particularly what are factors influencing the customers straightforwardly for web based shopping. To this end, for this reason utilize unique Observations and furthermore utilized examination papers to build up a spotless reports of variables influencing customers purchasing conduct as an online Purchasers. The consequences of the study examination has indicated that the vast majority of the individuals previously shopping on the web and like to make their buys on the web, however there are mother factors, for example, mental components, social elements, passionate variables, and the security factors, Education Factors, Culture, which influence the purchaser perspectives of online buys. The assurance of protection and giving security to Consumer Who Are Purchasing Online (Use Cards) are serious issues that influence the conduct of the populace to purchase on the web. Different mentalities of customers toward internet shopping are not in rest in the investigation which uncovers that the buy online is simple, agreeable and better that traditional shopping because of different components. Value, the trust, the accommodation and the proposals have been distinguished as significant elements. Cost was Considered to be the most entrancing and influencing factor for most of understudies and the overall population. The vast majority of the purchasers waver not to do shopping on the web, as a result of the unreliable installment and exchanges frameworks. Reason. Internet Shopping In Pakistan, Factors influencing Consumers web based Buying Behavior, Future of Online Shopping in Pakistan, Virtual buying Introduction: From The Last Ten Years Researchers and professionals thinking better approaches to persuade Customers to buy utilizing the electronic trade. Subsequently they are looking with extraordinary knowledge the conduct of Customers. With the improvement of the retail E-business, specialists keep on clarifying E-disposition of shoppers by alternate points of view. Web based business is the purchasing and selling of the products and enterprises on the web; web is the best source to utilize this instrument. Today the measure of exchange that is directed electronically utilizing web based business has expanded with a wide spread utilization Of web and innovation. Web based business incorporates moving of assets on the web, Online Banking Services gracefully chain the executives, showcasing over web, In Pakistan it began as purchasing of online administrations from different nations for all intents and purposes and it included an omelet exchange which administration was given through web and cash was moved through Mastercards. The innovation of the web has made another method of the Purchasing as contrast with conventional way individuals shop. Clients are not, at this point attached to be sitting tight for opening of Shops; it might become dynamic for all intents and purposes whenever and wherever to buy items and administrations. The Internet is generally new vehicle for the correspondence and the trading of data which has gotten present in our every day lives. The quantity of Internet clients is continually expanding, which is likewise essentialness that web based buying is expanding energetically. The Future of Online Purchasing presently opening new ways for little financial specialists to Invest and Work Virtually by Starting their Business. (Joins, Scorcher Schlep, 2003). Today directors are taking advantage of the intensity of online business. Watching numerous doable answers for sinking business Sector Of Pakistan, countless firms have obtained web based business for their business and have advanced through this device. E business has risen to be the one of the most significant showcasing and deals apparatus. With the assistance of E-Business you can buy whatever is accessible on the web. Basic comprehension of purchaser conduct in the electronic condition, as in this physical world, can be accomplished if the variables that influence the buy choice are overlooked or unequivocal. For instance, online customers fears about the need chance to inspect items before buy explicitly viewed as powerful factors in direct buy Decision. Along these lines, a few specialists have recommended that the buyers buying conduct in online shops could Be Different. Purchasers and incessant utilization of the Internet shopping expected all the more regularly will be promoted and improves their certainty on site for the less online common and purchasers. Unmistakably some electronic markets one of a kind qualities. On the off chance that the electronic methods any disregarded essential realities about buyer conduct, and as a result of this point more than guarantees and advertising electronic in this setting business to purchasers won't be accomplished [Nuns, 2001]. Through e business diverse sort organizations has increased a chance to build their deal and can keep up an immediate Relationship with its clients with no other individual among you and your client. E-business has helped a ton in the globalization of organizations all through the world. Organizations can without much of a stretch market their item in the entire world And can make retreat market of their item. Ernst Young (2000) is expressed that its expense and serious costs, because of the buy on the web conveyance yet the items snap to survey the framework and dread of Visa hacking customers are significant concern. Web shopping alludes to acquisition of products and enterprises through the Internet. A web arrange manifestation applies to the mental condition of our clients, as far as internet shopping. Buyers are hesitant to purchase items on the web and it has numerous explanations behind this wonder since they consider that they don't trust in the opening of online buys for the instability of credit or charge cards, the passwords, the Process of hacking data, less time to dedicate, problematic, entrust;rotor, a break of security and social dangers. Research Objectives: What are the principle factors, which concerns the on-line purchasers to shop online on the Internet? how these Factors impact the customers, when shopping on the web? How can it be that purchasers postpone or waver to settle on choice for shopping on the web? Writing Review. We constantly here the back remarks about Internet and accused that They Decrease Activity in neighborhood Circle, But now with a PC and access to web an individual can think universally to begin an online Business. As indicated by (Vestry Chapter, 2001) the web can make it simpler for organizations to have data on their items and administrations accessible to their potential clients. An organization can meet the individual needs of the client data to a lower cost for each report to the dispatch of item inventory. Vestry Chapter, 2001 ) affirms that the organizations without physical nearness must market themselves impressively, both on the web and disconnected, for that the Consumers to recall their name. Smith and Erupt (2003) have inspected and distinguish the variables in their work cap influences the conduct of shoppers. These issues have been recognized concerning the pr omoting exertion, socio-social impact, passionate factor, the mental components and security factors, to the experience, the buy and post - buy choices. They likewise show that purchasers are influenced by different mental components, for example, recognition, inspiration, character, perspectives and feelings. Because of the significance of causing shoppers to feel secure and agreeable, the creator contends that the data concerning the security must be to the intervention buyers so that the suspicion that all is well and good is expanded. The investigation unmistakably shows that the trust and accommodation are significant impact for the online shopper shopping conduct, regardless of whether they are affecting the dynamic procedure Smith and Erupt (2003). Research Methodology. As per Mr.. Trochaic, Random Samples can be chosen from a chose Population whos Attributes Represents the Whole chosen Population consequently the Resultant Factors can be applied to the entire populace in light of the fact that the irregular examples are viewed as Universal Attributes. In this Study utilized my perception and furthermore Questionnaires from Random Samples Base on socioeconomics Conditions Such as age, sex, meetings and so on. Information Analysis and Findings, Table 1: Demographic outline of review members. In view of Genders Category Frequency Percentage Males 67 67% Females 33 33% Totals. 100 100% Based on Age 18-27 45 28-37 30 37-ahead 25 25% The overview has been led on the 1 00 irregular examples of chose populace. Subsequently, table: 1 Illustrate that 67% guys and 33% females respondents partook in Online Shopping Survey. At the Same Time as 45% members are 18-27 period of Group. What's more, the 35% member are 28-37% age gathering, while the remainder of the class has a place with over the age gathering of 37 and that's just the beginning. The aftereffects of the Survey Reveals extraordinary circumstance that for the most part the youthful populace (18-27) occupied with Online Shopping Online shopping is another thing for individuals in Pakistan. In any case, According to my Survey it uncovers that Peoples in Pakistan quickly moving towards web based shopping. About 44% people groups are occupied with internet Shopping and 54% are not buy online they additionally proclaim that they have never experienced do any sort of web based shopping, Although the majority of them contend that they will purchase online in future. Huge and Fast extension of Internet from the most recent decade, the individuals of Pakistan are looking into web based shopping. They said that they need to buy on the web while sitting in their homes and work place, af

Estimate Design Flood Discharges For The Back Creek Streamgauge Site Assignment

Estimate Design Flood Discharges For The Back Creek Streamgauge Site Assignment Estimate Design Flood Discharges For The Back Creek Streamgauge Site â€" Assignment Example > AbstractThis paper describes the estimation of design flood discharge for the Back Creek stream gauge site known as BEECHMONT (DNRM). The design flood discharge has been estimated for the Back stream gauge site using the hydro meteorological approach. The paper also analyses the stream gauge frequencies and applies the empirical formula in drawing conclusions. The flood frequency analysis has been based on consideration of outputs of four techniques namely: Annual series, Partial series, the palmen and the week’s method and the new regional flood frequency estimation (RFFE) developed as part of AR and R update (Palmen, 2011). The work involved obtaining and reviewing stream flow data from Queensland DNRM water Monitoring portal (http: //water-monitoring. Information. qld. gov. au/), annual series FFA based on fitting a log person 3 (LP3) distribution to a yearly discharge maximum value, planning of the catchment area as well as the calculation of its area. Also, a compilation of estimates and selection of a set of design flood discharges and assessment of the rainfall frequency related to the January 2008 flood discharges event. IntroductionA flood in the context of this paper is considered to be an unusually high stage of a river. Floods are categorized into three broad categories: Minor floods, moderate floods, and major floods. Minor floods because some slight levels of erosion but normally no major damages are experienced. Moderate floods cause damages to the nearby properties though they are not very massive. Major floods are naturally serious as they cause a threat to human life and destroy properties in huge figures (Riggs, 1973). Floods occur in flood plains along rivers when water in the rivers fills up the stream hence bursting and spilling over to the nearest flood plains. Hydraulic structures are usually raised to prevent damages caused by floods. When laying these structures, due considerations need to be taken into account because these str uctures are susceptible to collapsing due to pressure mounted by the floods. If the hydraulic structures are poorly designed and implemented, more damages are caused to the surrounding environment and properties. Certainly, when floods are harnessed at location, it accumulates, and potential energy builds up in the form of pressure which can cause massive damages in case of collapsing. Due to the probable damages that can be caused by these hydraulic structures, estimates of extreme flood flow are very critical. Estimates of extreme flood flow are also used by engineers when choosing the quality of hydraulic structure to be constructed. The selection of the hydraulic structure will also be determined by the availability of resources such as finances. Design flood is defined as the flood adopted for the design of hydraulic structures. Design flood takes into consideration two types of data: the entire flood hydrograph or the peak discharge of the flood hydrograph. This work takes i nto account the latter case for simplicity. This work considers a Weir as the key hydraulics structure Analyzing flood recurrenceRecurrence interval can be defined as the average time length that separates two flood events. The reciprocal of flood recurrence is the probability that the flood will occur during a one year period. Stream gauges provide continuous records of discharge at fixed stations along a river. The largest event in a given year is called the annual peak discharge (Palmen, 2011). The analysis of flood recurrence used in this exercise has utilized a data set comprising of annual peak discharges for N consecutive years. The recurrence interval for each event in the data set has been being computed using the Weibull equation,

Globalization Through The Eyes Of Soccer - 1441 Words

Globalization through the Eyes of Soccer One indisputable aspect of modernity is that as time has progressed, the world has become more and more connected in all imaginable ways. This aspect of modern society is termed globalization, and it has a large impact on how the world operates. Observing and understanding the development and integration of soccer in various societies proffers insight as to how the sport has aided in the increasing globalization of the world within the past century. These effects of globalization can first be seen in the international efforts around the world of soccer. Globalization can be divided into political, cultural and economic interactions. Examples of both the political and the cultural impacts of soccer can be found in France and its recent history, whereas a consequence of economic globalization and its ties to soccer can best be seen in Asia. The history of soccer at the international level connects heavily with the idea of globalization. Globalization, in essence, is the interaction, collaboration, and sometimes even conflict, between people of different nations; soccer embodies this idea heavily. For instance, in 1904, seven European nations founded the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), creating the foundation for the behemoth of an organization that it is today (McMahon 11/8/2016). The idea behind the association was to have a governmental body that could control and dictate international matches, as well asShow MoreRelatedHow A Wild Tongue By Gloria Anzaldua And How Soccer Explains The World : An Unlikely Theory Of Globalization1309 Words   |  6 Pagesexperienced where he or she does not fit in a certain type of group or society because they are not accepted through the rest of society. 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On a hot summers day at the University of Florida a never before seen drink emerged, with the purpose to assist football players who suffer from heat illness to performRead MoreGatorade And Its Effect On Society1692 Words   |  7 Pagescountry soon followed, as playing without Gatorade on your sidelines began to be likened to playing with just ten men on the field† (The Gatorade Industry 1). The purpose of Gatorade is to help rehydrate the body by doing both replacing body fluids through sweating and replace minerals in the blood also known as electrolytes. Quickly, Gatorade helps improve performance and productivity. The drink Gatorade is a solution to the everyday problems faced by athletes like physical exertion and preventing

The Impact Of Special Education On Individual Student Needs

Throughout the United States, 2.4 million students are enrolled in special education programs (Rosa et al, 2009). The types of services rendered in special education programs tend to vary based on the individual child’s needs. Children with disabilities vary with respect to the type and number of disabilities he or she may have. The disabilities vary in cause, degree, and effect on the child’s educational progress. Special education is a unique and sometimes complicated specialty area designed for those students that require additional support in reaching educational goals. It is essential to accurately assess and to subsequently create a plan for success based on individual student needs. History Behind Special Education In the course of recent years, noteworthy advances have been made inside the legal framework, with an end goal to make government- funded training more available to children with extraordinary needs. In 1975, congress established the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA), which allowed children with disabilities the right to get a â€Å"free and fitting education† and government subsidizing towards programming (Advances in Special Education, 2011, p. 22). Proceeding this bill passing, children with handicaps were frequently denied access to government- funded education. The American’s with Disabilities Acts of 1990 further banned segregation and accommodated facilities, making schools more accessible to children with physical inabilities. In 2004,Show MoreRelatedThehistory of Special Education1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Special Education and the Laws Associated with the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Latrena Y. Haynes Grand Canyon University: SPE - 526 March 05, 2014 Abstract Special education is a type of education for students with special needs. The term is usually abbreviated as SPED which can also mean Saving People Every Day. 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Hector was appropriately engaged and worked hard to complete his academic assignments each day. His behavior on the playground improved as well. Rather than response impetuously, Hector kept his temper and played cooperatively with other children. No longer viewed as a disruptive student, Hector, and his family,Read MoreImplications Of Section 504 Of The Rehabilitation Action Of 1973 Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesare that schools who receive federal funding must be aware of educational options for students who have disabilities that fall under Section 504 definition. Schools are required to annually identify all students with disabilities and provide regular or special education that meets the needs of those students. Schools must also be careful to make sure students with disabilities are educated with nondisabled students as often as possible. Schools have various curricular options in regards to Section

Quality Of Discharge Teaching Care Plan - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Quality Of Discharge Teaching Care Plan. Answer: Introduction: Admission to hospitals and nursing homes is considered by many patients and their family members to be an intimidating event. A continuous period of tension and stress accompanies family members of the patients who is admitted to the hospital and is going under severe treatments. However, the care provided in the hospitals and care setting is by healthcare professionals, which ensure safe practice. Therefore, it becomes a concern to the relatives and family members about how to handle the transition of care form hospitals to homes (Slover 2016). This is mainly because they remain unsure of the level of care required by patient and the level of care, which they could provide to patients. Therefore, researchers are of the opinion that healthcare professionals like nurses and similar others should take an active part in development of proper discharge and care plan for the patient (Thoma and Waite 2017). They should also educate the patient and family members in proper ways so that the chances of hospital readmissions, medical errors and others become less. The following report should mainly comprise of a care and discharge plan of a client named Jim along with how Jim and his wife can develop better quality lives. The plan should be such that it considers all ethical and legal obligations along with a care practice that is culturally competent to the patient and his family. Discharge and care plan: A proper discharge and care plan ensures that the healthcare professionals have developed a procedure by which patients can be transferred from one level of care to another level of care successfully and safely. In case of complicated patients like Jim, it is extremely important that the doctor in charge should authorize the discharge plan developed by the nurse. In the discharge plan of Jim, six important aspects need to be checked by the nurse. Those are: Qualified personnel should properly evaluate Jim in order to know about his present condition. It is also important to ensure that his condition is stable enough to travel back to home and is out of danger. The professional should undertake a proper discussion with the patient Jim and his family member Angela (daughter) to be sure that they are ready to leave the professional care and had proper arrangements both mentally, emotionally, financially and physically to take care of the patients. The professional should also ensure that proper care planning is conducted so that the patient and his carer and family members can conduct the care and treatment of the patient required at home until he becomes healthy physically and mentally (Knier et al. 2015). The professional should also ensure that he or she determines whether the caregiver training or other kinds of support are important or not. Here, it is recognized that Angelas son is already suffering from Autism Spectrum Disorder and her mother is suffering from COPD and heart failure. Therefore, it is important for Jim to allocate a professional carer who would take for him The next important aspect is Here, the professional would recommend Angela to a home care agency and other support organizations from where she can arrange for carer support for her father Jim. The next important point is arranging for follow up appointments and tests where health of Jim would be evaluated for improvement. The care plan for Jim would be portraying three important aspects: The first aspect of the care plan would include keeping the blood pressure of the patient in check. It becomes extremely important for the caregiver to monitor the blood pressure of the patient at a regular basis. Other important things, which should be kept in mind by the family members and the professional carer, are to use more salts in foods. Normally, doctors do not recommend this to old people as it leads to increase of chances of heart failure. However, since he is suffering from low blood pressure, use of more salts will not result in any such incidences (Hird et al. 2015). Jim should drink more water as fluids increase blood volume and help in prevention of dehydration. These are important in treating hypotension. Many researchers also say that wearing of compression stockings help in relieving the pain and swelling of varicose veins (Burke et al. 2014). This would help in reducing of the pooling of blood in veins. The carer should maintain several medications. Drugs like Fl udrocortsisone can be used. Moreover, drug like midodrine orvaten helps in rising blood pressure levels in patients with hypotension. Eating small, low-carb meals are important, paying attention to body positions is also important. The second aspect of the care plan is to take care of the infection site that had taken place from the initial CVC infection. The high-risk procedures after discharge like dressing changes, the wounded site care and others need to be done by professionals or those who have proper health literacy (Douglas et al. 2014) at home. The patient, family and caregivers should be taught about the skills that would help in reducing the chances of further infection. Jim was erratic previously and was trying to move all tubes which might have created infection. As infection had taken place, proper dressing of wound with clean, washed or sanitized hands are important and therefore full course of antibiotics would be provided to him so that he is freed from the infection (El amouri and Oniell 2014). It is seen in the case that condition of Jim is fragile and at the same time, his wife Amara is suffering from heart failure and COPD. In such condition, the nurse should try to engage professional caregivers or social workers who would be taking care of both of them. At the same time, their daughter is also facing issues with her son who is facing ASD. Therefore, the caregiver should be knowledgeable about the caring interventions of each of the members mentioned. They should be helping with the daily activities of life of both Jim and Amara at their home like bathing, dressing, cleaning them, making beds and providing them with correct medications. Moreover, the caregivers in the home should also counsel them and try to make them free from their emotional pain through proper counseling. Care should be taken so that their daughter no longer has to be concerned about her parents. The caregivers should also ensure risk assessment of both Jim and Amara and should make sure that they ar e exposed to a safe environment free from any danger. Besides, both their diet should be taken care of. Ethical and legal considerations and culturally competent care: Autonomy and dignity is one of the most important ethical principles of care. This principle holds the choice of the patient and his family members to be of utmost importance above everything else. Informed consent is one important part where nurses should seek for consent of the patient before applying interventions (Hong et al. 2014). A nurse, not abiding by the principle, may face legal obligation resulting in penalization, cancellation of license and similar others besides harming the dignity of the patients. Jim had always been a believer of the fact that he would be a better carer for his wife Amara than any professional carer. Therefore, he had always taken initiative to take care of his wife who is suffering from COPD and heart failure. In such an instance, going against him and forcing him to take a professional help in home would harm his dignity and autonomy. It might harm him emotionally making him feel that he can no longer take care of his wife in home whom he loved so much. Therefore, this might expose the nurse to legal crime (Rumbold and Baylis 2016). Therefore, the nurse should follow the principle of beneficence and non-maleficent. The previous principle means taking the best care of the patient ensuring safety in all interventions and the later means those interventions should be such that no harm or suffering occurs to the patient. The nurse should think for the benefit of Jim, Amara and Angela and therefore she should politely try to make the patient understand the importance of a professional support at such time when the three members are mentally and physically not stable to take care of each other. One important aspect of the care plan would also involve a psycho-social counseling for the patient and his wife Amara so that they can get rid of the tensions regarding their financial conditions and their physical issues. The caregiver or the social workers at home should do this, as clients are not comfortable to go anywhere. Jim is adama nt of the fact that he and his wife would not go to residential care. Therefore, the nurse should softly speak to him and made him understand the importance of a professional caregiver in his treatment in his home. He should be made to understand that if he stresses on himself to care for his wife in such fragile condition, both of their health might degrade. This might affect the health of Angela also who is handling the situation alone besides caring for his son. Proper counseling and allocation of a professional caregiver who is expert in care giving is necessary for Jim and Amaras health. Care should be taken that the patient and his wife should not feel pressurized and understand their situation. They should never feel that their dignity is affected. They should be made to think logically in a polite manner. This would ensure that health of all the members of the family would be out of danger (Gausvik et al. 2015). While providing care and counseling the patients, both the nurs e who would be developing the care plan and the caregiver should be careful that all the interventions mentioned in the care plan would be provided in a culturally competent manner. They are from Greece and therefore they have cultural differences with that of the Australians. Such views of Jim and Amara should be respected and hence, the care plan made by the professionals should maintain the likings, disliking and traditional aspects of their family. Amara is not very comfortable with the English language and Jim tries his best to keep her happy. Therefore, the nursing professional and the caregiver should respect their cultural attributes and thereby plan care in a way that is essential for better living (Lenk and Duttge 2014). Conclusion: While developing the discharge and care plan, care should be taken so that CVC site infection and hypotension of the patient can be maintained. Jim is not ready to get any support for their care. Therefore, besides maintaining dignity and care of the patient, he should be made to understand the importance of caregiver. The care should be culturally competent as well to maintain his dignity. It is the responsibility of the nurse to develop a plan, which would help the family and especially Jim to come back into a healthy life. References: Burke, W., Evans, B.J. and Jarvik, G.P., 2014, March. Return of results: ethical and legal distinctions between research and clinical care. InAmerican Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics(Vol. 166, No. 1, pp. 105-111). Douglas, M.K., Rosenkoetter, M., Pacquiao, D.F., Callister, L.C., Hattar-Pollara, M., Lauderdale, J., Milstead, J., Nardi, D. and Purnell, L., 2014. Guidelines for implementing culturally competent nursing care.Journal of Transcultural Nursing,25(2), pp.109-121. El Amouri, S. and ONeill, S., 2014. Leadership style and culturally competent care: Nurse leaders views of their practice in the multicultural care settings of the United Arab Emirates.Contemporary nurse,48(2), pp.135-149. Gausvik, C., Lautar, A., Miller, L., Pallerla, H. and Schlaudecker, J., 2015. Structured nursing communication on interdisciplinary acute care teams improves perceptions of safety, efficiency, understanding of care plan and teamwork as well as job satisfaction.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare,8, p.33. Hird, A.E., Lemke, M., Turovsky, M., Malecki, V., Kumar, K., DeAngelis, C., Chow, E. and Ko, Y.J., 2015. Doctor, what are my options? A prospective cohort study of an individualized care plan for patients with gastrointestinal cancer.Current Oncology,22(3), p.e171. Hong, C.S., Siegel, A.L. and Ferris, T.G., 2014. Caring for high-need, high-cost patients: what makes for a successful care management program.Issue Brief (Commonw Fund),19(1), p.9. Knier, S., Stichler, J.F., Ferber, L. and Catterall, K., 2015. Patients perceptions of the quality of discharge teaching and readiness for discharge.Rehabilitation Nursing,40(1), pp.30-39. Lenk, C. and Duttge, G., 2014. Ethical and legal framework and regulation for off-label use: European perspective.Therapeutics and clinical risk management,10, p.537. Rumbold, S. and Baylis, D., 2016. Improving The Quality Of Care For Care Home Residents Discharged From Acute Hospital Settings: The Development And Implementation Of The Southampton Medical Anticipatory Plan.Age and Ageing,45(Suppl 1), p.i1. Slover, J.D., 2016. You want a successful bundle: what about post-discharge care?.The Journal of arthroplasty,31(5), pp.936-937. Thoma, J.E. and Waite, M.A., 2017. Experiences of Nurse Case Managers Within A Central Discharge Planning Role of collaboration between Physicians, Patients and Other Healthcare Professionals: A Sociocultural Qualitative Study.Journal of clinical nursing.

International Relations Theory Essay Example

International Relations Theory Essay In the current Hobbesian world, true security depends on the possession and use of military might. Some argue, however, that liberalism or even constructivism has replaced realism as the proper lens through which to view the international system. Proponents of liberalism often cite Europe’s ever increasing use of laws, transnational negotiations, and cooperation or the increasing interdependence between the East and the West as evidence of the waning influence of realpolitik, or power politics. Constructivists point to the expansion of social sciences and human rights to prove that ideas hold the real power in the international system. What both of these camps miss is the underlying element, or foundation, which allows norms, ideas, economic trade, and every other positive element of the international system to exist: stability underwritten by military might and the balance of power. The following analysis will outline the influence of the theories of realism, liberalism and constructivism on the international system. Moreover, it will outline why power politics and the balance of power remain the most important influences in international relations, and why realism is the only theory adequate to explain the balance of power among states through military might. Before outlining why balance of power is the most important factor in the international system, it is important first to define and understand the three prevailing theories in international relations realism, liberalism, and constructivism and also to define the term â€Å"norm. For the purpose of this paper, norms are â€Å"a standard of appropriate behavior for actors with a given identity,† and â€Å"one difference between ‘norm’ and ‘institution’ †¦ is aggregation: the norm definition isolates single standards of behavior, whereas institutions emphasize the way in which behavioral rules are structured together and interrelate (a ‘collection of practices and rules’). † (Finnemo re and Sikkink, p. 891). We will write a custom essay sample on International Relations Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Relations Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Relations Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Realism During the era of the Cold War, realism became the dominant paradigm within international relations (Walt, p. ). Its emphasis on the power politics, balance of power, and most importantly the actions of states within an anarchic international system provided a sense of understanding (Waltz, p. 121). According to realists, states are the only actors on the political stage. They are driven to seek power in an anarchical system, in which there is no higher, trans-governmental and universally recognized authority. States are driven by the law of human behavior, which is the drive for power, will to dominate, self-interest, and ambition. States have no one but themselves to rely on for protection and they will do all they can in order to maximize their likelihood of survival. Moreover, as all states exist in a state of anarchy, they all pursue self-interest and try to acquire power to secure themselves and ensure their survival in a system where no other state or authority will come to save them if they fail to do so. (Waltz, 1979, p. 104). Kenneth Waltz defines anarchy as a condition of possibility for or ‘permissive’ cause of war, arguing that â€Å"wars occur because there is nothing to prevent them. (Waltz, 2001, p. 232). In realist view, the world is uncertain and dangerous. Realists assume that all states have some military power and no state knows what its neighbors’ intentions are. Waltz says, â€Å"Because some states may at any time use force, all states must be prepared to do so or live at the mercy of their militarily more vigorous neighbors. † (Waltz, 1979, p. 102) However, Mearsheimer explains that there is â€Å"relentless security competition with the possibility of war looming in the background,† not a constant war. Mearsheimer, 1994, p. 9) Hobbes argues, â€Å"Man cannot assure the power and means to live well which he hath present, without the acquisition of more. † (Hobbes, 1651, p. 61). Similarly, Machiavelli states that â€Å"men never appear to themselves to possess securely what they have unless they acquire something further from another. † (Carr, in Betts, p. 91). Thomas Hobbes characterizes human nature as â€Å"competition, diffidence and gl ory† amongst humans. (Hobbes, in Betts, p. 80). The balance of power theory, according to Waltz, explains how states, being unitary actors who seek their own preservation in the first place (at a minimum) or seek universal domination (at a maximum), use all the means they have available in order to achieve a balance of power against their rivals. Waltz then divides those means into two categories internal efforts, which include increasing military and economic strength and developing clever strategies and external efforts, which include forming an alliance or weakening an opposing one. Waltz, 1979, p. 118) Once the balance of power is achieved, it becomes a game of preserving this balance to ensure the state’s survival. To reach such an equilibrium, and to achieve mutual goals and interests, states in an alliance must accept the restraints on them due to the framework of which they are a part. â€Å"Only if states recognize the same rules of the game and play for the same limited stakes can the balance of power fulfill it s functions for international stability and national independence. † (Waltz, 1979, p. 120) Liberalism Liberalism can be defined as the â€Å"freedom for the individual,† as it believes, in contrast with realism, that humans are good-natured beings. For liberals, humans are beings of progress and strive for perfection during life. â€Å"Unlike Realism, it strives for, and believes in, improvement in human condition and provides a rationale for building cooperative institutions that can facilitate better lives for human beings. † (Keohane, p. 127) The main characteristics of liberalism are individual freedom, political participation, freedom from authority and equality of opportunity. (Doyle, p. 206, 207) Liberals see a heterogenous state of global peace, in which the expectation of war disappears, instead of a homogenous state of war. â€Å"Liberal societies compete to become rich, glorious, healthy, cultured, all without expecting to have to resolve their competition through war. † (Doyle, p. 210) Although liberals agree with realists that the international system is anarchic, they also believe that international institutions are able to mitigate anarchy’s effects on interstate cooperation. Their contest is not a zero-sum game, but rather a positive- or negative-sum game, meaning that they can win or lose together (Doyle, p. 11). Liberals distinguish between liberal and non-liberal societies, capitalist from communist, republican from autocratic. These differences reflect the differences in international behavior. â€Å"The aims of the state, as do the aims of the individual, go beyond security to the protection and promotion of individual rights. † (Doyle, p. 2 11) According to liberal institutionalists, institutions are to facilitate cooperation among states, but many critics say that they cannot force states to behave in ways that are contrary to their own selfish interests. Kant, in Perpetual Peace, stipulates three â€Å"definitive articles† of peace. The first article states that â€Å"The Civil Constitution of Every State Should be Republican. † (Kant, in Betts, p. 136) Kant argues that if the consent of the citizens is required in order to decide that war should be declared, it is natural that the people will not be willing to pay the costs of the war from their own resources and take upon their shoulders the devastation that war leaves behind. (Kant, in Betts, p. 136). The second article states that â€Å"The Law of Nations Shall be Founded on a Federation of Free States. (Kant, in Betts, p. 137) The concept of pacific union between liberal states is a treaty of the nations among themselves, which prevents wars and steadily expands. The third article states that â€Å"Cosmopolitan Right should be limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality. † (Kant, p. 105) The theory of democratic peace is built on the claim that democraci es are inherently more peaceful than autocratic states. (Walt, p. 39). It can be crudely defined as â€Å"democracies do not fight each other. † Although democracies seem to fight wars often, like other states do, they very rarely fight against each other. Walt says, â€Å"Democracies embrace norms of compromise that bar the use of force against groups espousing similar principles. † (Walt, p. 39) This perspective suggests that, for example, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the newborn democracies should embrace each other in their emerging markets and live happily ever after; instead, we have witnessed years of bloody conflict. According to this perspective, we would expect â€Å"mother Russia† to support the newly emerging democracies; instead, we witnessed the blockade of Georgian goods at the Russian market, closed borders, and in 2008, military invasion of Georgia. Many believe that Russia wanted to demonstrate its sphere of influence and to show Georgia, Ukraine, and the West, that there is no way Russia is going to respect the acceptance of these countries in NATO. As a realist would say, it is the underlying balance of power being the main underlying purpose for their actions, and not the liberal democratic peace, because even democracies fight each other. Constructivism Rather than a theory, we could call constructivism an ontology—a certain set of assumptions about the world and the motivation of people. Therefore, constructivist theories are quite diverse and do not offer a unified set of explanations on any of the issues mentioned above. Realism and liberalism tend to focus on material factors power or trade. (Walt, p. 40) â€Å"Constructivists contend that their theory is deeper than realism and liberalism because it explains the origins of the forces that drive those competing theories. † (Snyder, p. 60) According to Hopf, constructivism offers alternative understandings of the issues discussed above (in the sections on realism and liberalism) including balance of power and the meaning of anarchy. However, instead of taking the state for granted and assuming that it simply seeks power, constructivists â€Å"regard the interests and identities of states as highly malleable products of specific historical processes. † (Walt, p. 40) While realists view the war as unavoidable and the international system as static, constructivists argue that interests and identities change over the course of history, allowing cooperation between states which were previously enemies. A good example might be the European Union in which member countries after World War II learned how to cooperate in order to be better off altogether. For constructivists, to explain the behavior of states, we have to recognize the importance of identity and interests. Some constructivists admit that ideas will have greater impact when backed by powerful states and reinforced by enduring material forces (Walt, p. 43). However, a constructivist would not agree with the assessment that material power is all that matters their main concerns are norms, ideas and discourse. Some constructivists might actually agree with the realist view of balance of power, but they would add the reasoning and background. Hopf contends that constructivism in general â€Å"does not specify the existence, let alone precise nature of its main causal/constitutive elements: identities, norms, values and social structure† (Hopf, p. 189) . He also states that constructivism is weak in dealing with what precisely norms are. â€Å"Constructivists are good at describing changes in norms and ideas, but they are weak on the material and institutional circumstances necessary to support the emergence of consensus about new values and ideas. † (Snyder, p. 1) Constructivism might be a way to approach international relations theory, but the fact is that theory does not create practice, as constructivists assume, but practice theory, as Machiavelli states: â€Å"Good counsels, whencesoever they come, are born of the wisdom of the prince, and not the wisdom of the prince from good counsels. † (Machiavelli, p. 50) Conclusion Realism is often criticized for not being able to explain contemporary world politics because it oversimplifies things and the world we live in today is much more complex and complicated. Realism has been valid for over 2,500 years. We have witnessed even recently that when it comes to the point no international law, treaty, or institution can stop one state from invading another. I agree with Walt that â€Å"each of these competing perspectives captures important aspects of world politics† and that the â€Å"‘compleat diplomat’ of the future should remain cognizant of realism’s emphasis on the inescapable role of power, keep liberalism’s awareness of domestic forces in mind, and occasionally reflect on constructivism’s vision of change. † (Walt, p. 44) Realism builds on fear rather than hope. The first duty of political leaders is to prevent the worst. As Waltz says, â€Å"although many academics (and more than a few policymakers) are loath to admit it, realism remains the most compelling general framework for understanding international relations. † (Waltz, p. 43) States are still worried about the possibility of major conflict. They still keep their arsenals fully armed, even though their economic ties may be very healthy and the possible costs of a conflict are high. The Kantian paradise we want to live in is great, but whether we like it or not, there are wolves in the backyard.